健康・医療情報学ジャーナル

Prescriptions  are   the   primary   means  for communicating medication instructions between prescribers (healthcare professionals) and pharmacists, therefore; the prescription paper should be complete, legible, precise and unambiguous in its interpretation to minimize drug errors. The global number of prescriptions written increases annually, as well as the number of errors, in which there was a large percentage of outpatient paper prescriptions contain one or more errors, resulting in millions of prescriptions with the potential harm to patients . Errors occur in different stages, so every stage of the medication use process (prescription, dispensation, administration, monitoring of a drug) is vulnerable to errors. Errors are an integral part of human life, therefore the classification of the type of error that occurs, based on an assessment of the actions that led to that error, 5 an unintentional action may lead to an error due to a failure of attention (slip) or memory (lapse) and an intentional action may lead to an error due to a failure or lack of expertise (mistake) or a deliberate rule break (violation). Prescribing errors are worldwide highly prevalent problem in the health care system 1, it is often associated with health professional’s inexperience and lack of knowledge regarding the medication in general (dose, frequency, strength, interaction, etc.) and other factors such as tiredness and lapse of memory. In addition to prescription drugs, consumers self-prescribe and take drugs they buy over the counter. Sometimes these drugs can cause an adverse events particularly when taken with other drugs. Dosing errors are the most common type of prescribing error, it is widely recognize in the prescription errors.

It is difficult to statistic the errors accurately, many of previous studies use the incident reporting to identify the rate of errors1, but the accurate methods for identify and assessing the types and the rates of prescribing errors are different, but according to previous studies, retrospective review of prescriptions by pharmacists is noted to be the most effective method.

This research is explorative the study conducted in security force hospital in Riyadh, to assess the quality of the medications prescribing in the security force clinics. Population and Sampling Populations The population of this study is all outpatients prescriptions arrive to central pharmacy of security force hospital in Riyadh city. Sampling Procedure The researcher will use the convenience sample method. ResearchInstruments. The suitable tool for collecting information of this study is a prospective reviewing which is selected by the researcher. It consists of 2 parts or sections: Section 1: Evaluate the errors of omissions (Quality of prescription form) by researcher. Section 2: Evaluate the errors of commissions (Errors of drugs writing) by specialist pharmacy. Instrument Validity and Reliability To assure the validity, the following procedures were conducted, first review was made of the relevant literature. And the previous instrument were examined to develop drafts, secondly the method was reviewing by professors specialized in same field. Reliability Collection of Prescriptions Achievement of the research involved a collection of 300 prescriptions form during the work hours from central pharmacy, the prescription will include all departments in the hospital. The study was carried out by visiting the hospital and collecting different prescription from 13-9-2015 to 13-12-2015. All information related to patients and hospitals were kept confidential, also all prescriptions were included without exclusion criteria, being these prescriptions obtained from outpatient. Statistical Treatment The prescriptions will be evaluated into two steps and then the data was also analyzed using of SPSS version 20 program descriptive and inferential analysis. Each item was scored one or zero with a total score of 16 for evaluate prescription form and 8 for evaluate the drugs prescription errors. If the omission or commission item was present and clear, it was given a score of zero. If it was absent or not readable, a score of one was given.

Prospective cross-sectional study was performed in the security force clinics in Riyadh, The 300 prescriptions were collected from the central pharmacy with convenience sampling procedure to select the prescriptions and the study used a descriptive and inferential analysis to answer the research questions. Results: A total of 759 drugs were prescribed, in which 4118 errors were discovered in the prescriptions (2408 omissions errors, 1710 commissions errors), the most common omissions errors in the prescription under study was omit patient gender, in which nearly all the prescription didn’t determine the gender of patients, following by omit name of department 298 (99.3%), the most common commission errors was illegible writing 650 (86%) in the prescriptions under study, following by omit strength of drugs 464 (61.4%), omit route of drugs administrations 417 (55.2%), the most common drugs prescribed through the study periods were analgesics 203 (26.9%) and the second highest category of drugs were antibiotics (antibacterial) 136 (18%), the most common drugs subjected to prescribing errors were analgesic 27.10%, antibiotics 15.20% and bronchodilators 10.70%, there is a strong positive correlation between the number of drugs prescribed and the number of commission errors

A total of 759 drugs were prescribed, in which 4118 errors were discovered in the prescriptions (2408 omissions errors, 1710 commissions errors), the most common omissions errors in the prescription under study was omit patient gender, in which nearly all the prescription didn’t determine the gender of patients, following by omit name of department 298 (99.3%), the most common commission errors was illegible writing 650 (86%) in the prescriptions under study, following by omit strength of drugs 464 (61.4%), omit route of drugs administrations 417 (55.2%), the most common drugs prescribed through the study periods were analgesics 203 (26.9%) and the second highest category of drugs were antibiotics (antibacterial) 136 (18%), the most common drugs subjected to prescribing errors were analgesic 27.10%, antibiotics 15.20% and bronchodilators 10.70%, there is a strong positive correlation between the number of drugs prescribed and the number of commission errors. Conclusion: Application of modification prescriptions forms, structured prescribing training program, strict legislation measures relating to drugs prescriptions and development of system by applying CPOE and CDSS are among the necessary interventions that may reduce the prescription errors, increase the patient safety and protect them from medication errors.

Dental appearance    is   considered  as    the

main feature to determine the attractiveness of face thus it influences the human social interactions .A patient’s smile expresses a feeling of success, affection, sensuality and courtesy that reveals self-confidence. The smile is considered as a sign of communicating that relates to the socialization and attraction. Different factors that affects the smile which includes tooth shape, position, and quality of restoration, color and general arrangement of dentition, Smile has been classified as high, average and low. High smile shows complete display of cervico-incisal length of maxillary incisors along with contiguous band of gingiva whereas low smile has less than 75% of display. In an average smile there is 75 to 100% display of maxillary incisors with the incise curvature of the maxillary anterior teeth paralleling the inner curvature of lower lip.

Certain attractive smile is the most significant social holding motion and key to your expert improvement. With the coming of new materials and procedures in the field of esthetic dentistry, individuals have changed their concept of smile and how it's structured. In the present time we have computerized smile structure as a multipurpose advanced instrument with certain clinically important favorable circumstances.

Nowadays people are concerned more about smile, it is not just a facial expression, but has a lot of benefits. Smile makes people more attractive, an attractive smile plays a major role in voting and judge decisions, job recruitment and other social interactions. Attractive people are considered to be at high social standing, more interesting and more intelligent. Studies show that we are more trustful of others when they smile. In one study done by Schliemann JPW, et al. participants were more trusted by others if they were smiling. This study found that a smile increases the people’s willingness to trust. Attractive smiles not only influence other people’s perceptions but also affect the psychosocial well-being of individual as well as their behavior.

Esthetics are characterized by the smile, however, the smile comprises of dental arch. Dental smile design likings differ from one person to other based on different factors such as: social level, economic level, education level and ethnic origin. There is a lack of similar studies in the UAE.

The purpose of this study is to determine which features of smile are attractive that are rated by the people of dental professionals of UAE. The participants were not randomly selected and were not a representative sample of the UAE population but a convenience sample. The 

participants were all adults above the age of 17 years. The questionnaire had 7 separate aesthetic features with between 3 to 6 different standardized computer generated images for each feature. The different features include the how much amount of tooth is exposed? lip line height, buckle corridor and midline position.

Results: There were total 380 participants between age of 28.6 years (SD 7.9) of which 228 (60%) were female. Significantly more females compared to males preferred a convex smile irrespective of whether the upper teeth contacted the lower lip. Females tends to prefer low lip line compared to males but this was at the borderline of significance (p=0.067).

Interestingly, more married respondents preferred the low lip line, whereas unmarried respondents were evenly distributed among an average and low lip line (p<0.05). The coincidence of dental and facial midlines would be expected as the preferred choice for both dental professionals and as well as for lay people but significantly more lay people preferred the smile that deviated towards the right. Whereas, dentists preferred midlines to be

coincident (p<0.001). Furthermore, residents of Abu Dhabi, Dubai and Sharjah preferred the coincidence of midlines. Whereas, the lay people from Fujairah preferred the right deviation of the dental midline. Over all half of the unmarried respondents had a significantly greater preference for midline coincidence but married respondents were more evenly split regarding this aspect of smile design (p<0.05). There was no preference

Extended Abstract

differences for the smile design features as it is judged by dentists and lay people.

Conclusion and Recommendations

Beauty must be considered and assessed to improve the quality of treatment provided to dental patients. The opinions and perceptions on lay people and dental professionals regarding beauty and attractiveness of smile were similar, except two variables known as smile line and the relation were of inter incise line to the facial mid line.

The majority of lay people and dental professionals preferred that more than half tooth is shown at rest. An Incise curve which is convex to the lower lip, smile width with ten visible teeth, a wide labial corridor and a Colusa plane that is parallel to the commissural line. This can be considered as the preferred esthetic smile among the UAE community.

The significant differences between lay people and dental professionals in this study is line height, where the lay people preferred a low smile line and dental professionals preferred an average smile line.

Other significant differences between lay people and dental professionals in this study was regarding the inter incise slime related to the facial midline, which shows that dental professionals prefers the inter incise line to coincide with the midline while lay people prefers the inter incise line that deviated to the right of the facial midline.