経済学および管理科学の国際ジャーナル

This study discusses the socio-economic background of the selected women entrepreneurs in Tuticorin District and examines the factors motivating women to become entrepreneur. The present study is to be based both on secondary as well as primary data. The study demonstrates that 36% of women completed only primary school and 34% women started their business at the age of 20-25. The study disclosed that 4% of the respondents are earning an income up to Rs.10000, 20% of the respondents are earning Rs.10000-15000 monthly, 10% of the respondents are earning Rs.15000-20000 monthly, and the others 66% of the respondents are earning above Rs.20000 respectively. The average monthly income of the women entrepreneurs’ family is Rs.19400. The study reveals the monthly income of the respondent’s before and after entering the enterprise. Before entering the enterprise 17.1% of the respondents had monthly family income of less than Rs.10000, whereas after entering the enterprise 10% of the respondents had monthly family income of less than Rs.10000. 30% of the respondents had monthly income between Rs.10000- 15000 before entering the enterprise, which decreased by 21.4% after entering the enterprise. 25.7 per cent, 20 per cent and 7.1 per cent of the respondents had monthly family income between Rs.15000-20000, Rs.20000-25000 and above Rs.25000 respectively before entering the enterprise. But after entering the enterprise it was 18.6, 12.8 and 37.1% respectively.

Despite the growing importance of workers’ remittances in total capital flows, the relationship between growth and remittances has not been adequately studied empirically in the context of transitional economies, especially in a comparative framework with other recipient countries. This is surprising because migrants from the Central and Eastern European Economies (CEECs) contribute significantly to their home economies through remittances, influencing investment and consumption patterns. This paper examines the impact of workers’ remittances on growth, investment and consumption in a number of CEECs in comparison to Latin America and the Middle East-North Africa- Turkey (MENAT) in a panel data framework. Using annual data ranging from 1993-2006, it is shown that as compared to Latin America, both investment and consumption are positively affected by the amount of remittances sent by workers’ to their home countries in the CEECs after controlling for several important determinants of growth such as openness to trade, inflation, real interest, credit-GDP ratio as a measure of financial deepening. In the CEECs, as in the Middle East, the workers’ remittances affect growth both through consumption and investment while the latter effect is stronger. By contrast, in Latin America, remittances mainly impact consumption rather than investment, even having a negative impact on growth. To gauge these differential effects, we use fixed and random effects estimation as well as GMM strategy to account for country-specific heterogeneity and to control for possible endogeneity among repressors. Our findings also suggest that workers’ remittances could be a significant impetus for growth, working through the investment channel, and their significance conditional on credit in investment equations suggest that they can help overcome the liquidity constraints by providing an alternative to formal channels of financing.

The use of technology helps organizations to get closer to customers and to build an ongoing relationship with them. As the usage of Internet grows rapidly in recent years, especially in online shopping and payment via Internet, we can observe that there is a rising number of people concerning about online privacy. Users are increasingly concerned about their own privacy when they go online; this has been repeatedly shown in studies developed by researchers. Thus, the way of compiling consumer data profiles may play an important role in assuring consumer satisfaction and trust have been fully taken into account. Customers’ perceived risk will be lower in electronic marketplace if they obtained a sufficient level of satisfaction as well as trust. Also, in a society having a high level of privacy awareness, the accessibility of privacy policies while navigating a website’s page and the understanding of relevant contents in the policy have been focused and considered by organizations to improve their service quality in terms of online privacy system. The purpose of this paper is presented is to allow us a better understanding of the online privacy measurements and to evaluate the usability of online privacy policies. We also examine the four aspects of policies and how they can be improved in order to meet more user satisfaction and trust.

The rural consumers are known to earn low income, have low level of literacy, low level of brand awareness, asymmetric information, inadequate communication and transportation facilities. The Rural markets and sub-urban markets are now expanding in Kerala with ever greater penetration index, as the growth seems stunted in the urban markets. In this study, Rural & suburban areas of Ernakulam with a sample size of 100 respondents. The study intends to identify the level of influence of various factors on the purchase of FMCG products-soaps &detergents among the rural/ semi urban consumers. The study emphasized that rural consumers gave more importance to the ‘quality’ of the FMCG-personal care brands they bought rather than the normative influences or social appeal vide celebrity endorsements in the mass media.

Consumer centric marketing style is predominant in the durables, which in turn revolves around the consumer purchase attitude. It is known that Consumer attitude is a learnt predisposition to respond to an object or act consistently in a favorable or unfavorable manner and is shaped by one’s values and beliefs which are learnt. Only by changing the consumer’s attitude can they be influenced to enact a merchandise transaction in the marketing milieu. Hence the importance of attitude change is of paramount importance to marketers who are consumer focused in the modern age often customizing the products/services to match the tastes of the consumer by proper positioning and targeting strategies. Consumer segments may be urban or rural based on the peculiarities /residential location and outlook /lifestyle characteristics of the consumer. In this paper, an evaluation of the Urban and Rural Consumer Purchase attitude-Behavior, a Comparative Study of various facets with Special Reference to Consumer Durables (both white and brown goods) with the sample frame of middleclass working women families of Ernakulam (Kochi), the premier test marketing site in Kerala, is attempted herein. Based on the rich findings, the future strategies in market segmentation and market mix can be redesigned to match with current consumer tastes.

This article highlights a set of model risk management in commodity prices since the pioneering work of Yamey in 1951 to the most resents contributions. Only hear were taken into account theoretical models and in a nonexhaustive way, but grouped into three streams of reflection (the traditional models, modern approaches and recent contributions). The models place particular emphasis on the behaviour of suppliers of raw materials to the risk of price and seek ultimately to stabilize commodity prices turn an acceptable average. But the results obtained through various tests of these models show the apparent ineffectiveness of these and give reason to the market. This confirms the theory of efficient markets, in the sense that no one can beat it.

Authorities strongly complain that colossal waste abounds on the part of senior administrative staff of the University of Nigeria. Most of them are employed through the environmental influence methods. This makes the managerial function of staff control a productivity-necessity for organization. It refines and refocuses the crude background of these environmental staff and employees into attempting to contribute appreciably to the attainment of organizational goals and objectives. These environmental factors include organization membership through the Federal Character principle of representation ‘whom you know’, family ties and other tribal or social bonds. These factors have gained pre-eminence over merit or technical qualification. These factors entitle them to positions they are not qualified for. As mediocre they perform below expectation and short-change the policies and procedures of the organization. All these directly or indirectly affect and lower the tempo of organization activities. The paper attempts to make penetrating diagnosis of the causes of low level of productivity, an evaluation of the shortchanging tactics and practices with a view of proffering corrective solutions that will maintain or improve the wealthproducing capacity of the resources entrusted to them. They are insistence on the application of merit or technical qualification through the enforcement of the selection criteria in the recruitment of staff, promotion of staff on the basis of effective and efficient performance and adequate motivation to deserving staff to ensure satisfaction on the job and in the organization.