人類遺伝学と発生学

Cadmium (Cd) is a heavy metal that poses significant environmental threats and can severely affect plant growth and development. Buckwheat (Fagopyrum esculentum), a pseudocereal with notable nutritional properties, is particularly sensitive to cadmium stress. Understanding how buckwheat metabolizes nutrients and identifies key genes associated with Cd stress is crucial for developing strategies to improve its tolerance. This study employs a multiomics approach, integrating transcriptomics, proteomics, and metabolomics data to elucidate the nutrient metabolism pathways and pinpoint key candidate genes involved in cadmium stress response in buckwheat. The analysis reveals significant alterations in carbohydrate, amino acid, and secondary metabolite pathways under cadmium stress. Several key candidate genes, including those involved in metal transport, antioxidant defense, and stress signaling pathways, were identified. This comprehensive analysis provides a deeper understanding of the molecular mechanisms underpinning cadmium stress in buckwheat, offering potential targets for genetic and biotechnological interventions to enhance buckwheat's resilience to heavy metal stress.

Genome-wide analysis in human embryonic stem cells (hESCs) reveals that the Hippo signaling pathway provides synthetic viability in the absence of ATM (Ataxia Telangiectasia Mutated) protein, essential for DNA damage response. The Hippo pathway, known for regulating cell proliferation and apoptosis, compensates for ATM deficiency by promoting cell survival and potentially maintaining genomic stability. This discovery highlights a critical compensatory mechanism and suggests therapeutic potential in targeting the Hippo pathway for conditions associated with ATM deficiency, such as Ataxia Telangiectasia and certain cancers, emphasizing the importance of personalized medicine approaches.

A Genome-Wide Association Study (GWAS) has unveiled the genetic basis of brown rice's total flavonoid content. Researchers analyzed the genomes of diverse rice varieties to identify genetic markers associated with high flavonoid levels. The study pinpointed several key genes influencing flavonoid biosynthesis and accumulation. These findings provide valuable insights for breeding programs aimed at enhancing the nutritional quality of brown rice. By selecting for these genetic markers, breeders can develop rice varieties with higher flavonoid content, promoting better health benefits due to the antioxidant properties of flavonoids. This research underscores the importance of genetic studies in improving crop nutritional profiles.

Anthracyclines are a class of chemotherapy drugs widely used in cancer treatment. Despite their efficacy, anthracyclines are associated with a significant risk of cardiotoxicity, which can lead to heart failure. Identifying genetic signatures associated with Anthracycline-Induced Cardiotoxicity (AIC) is crucial for predicting which patients are at higher risk and for developing preventive strategies. Mid-level molecular phenotypes, which encompass changes in gene expression, protein levels, and metabolite concentrations, offer a promising approach for identifying these genetic signatures. This review discusses the integration of mid-level molecular phenotypes with genetic data to uncover biomarkers of AIC hazard. We explore the current methodologies, highlight key findings, and propose future directions for research in this field.