法医学研究ジャーナル

The goals of this study were to investigate whether sufficient amount of human DNA can be recovered from a cell phone and if the identity of the single and/or multiple user(s) can be established by generating genetic profile(s). Cell phones were used to collect human DNA. Two Buccal swabs were used to collect Buccal cells as a DNA reference samples. Four soaked sterile cotton swabs were used to collect biological materials from each user’s cell phone. Sufficient quantity and quality of human genomic DNA was obtained from the cell phones using Quantifiler® Human DNA Quantitation Kit. More human DNA was collected from volunteers’ Buccal swabs (=74.56 ng) than from the surface of their cell phones (=0.23 ng). One nanogram (1 ng) of template DNA was used for buccal swabs and cell phones swabs, if available. However, when the DNA recovered from cell phone swabs was 0.00 to 500 pg, 10 μL of template DNA was used. In addition, the number of PCR cycles was increased from 28 to 32 in anticipation of Low Copy Number DNA. Genetic profiles were developed from the DNA on the cell phones and were compared with the reference DNA profiles from the buccal cells of the cell phone owners. Full Short Tandem Repeats (STR) DNA profiles for all 15 STR loci plus Amelogenin locus were typed for 36 Buccal swabs, reference DNA of cell phone owners. Complete STR profiles were generated from 33% (N=36) cell phones and were matched participants’. In addition, 28% of cell phones had partial DNA profiles matched with the cell phone owners. While, 33% of the cell phones had unknown partial or complete profiles. Four of the unknown partial profiles had more than two alleles at
the STR loci indicating multiple unknown cell phone users. The Y chromosome was detected at the Amelogenin locus from the DNA profiles generated from two females’ cell phones identifying unknown male contributor(s). Our study demonstrates that DNA collected from the cell phones can be used as reliable physical evidence in forensic investigations.

The theft of the eggs of endangered or protected species of bird, and subsequent reduction in wildlife population, is a significant problem worldwide. Detection rates are comparatively low towards this type of crime and fingerprinting of egg shells is infrequently utilised due to the technical barrier. This paper explores a novel technique using cyanoacrylate (superglue) fuming in conjunction with fluorescent dye to visualise latent fingerprints upon avian eggshells assisted with alternate light sources. A systematic investigation of experimental parameters has also been carried out to optimise the condition for the fingerprint visualisation. This research project has successfully developed latent fingerprints upon smooth wild bird eggshells but was less successful on developing prints on more textured, porous eggshells.

The literature states that maltreatment in childhood and youth make up a problem on a global scale that exceeds ethnicities, religions, cultures, social and economic classes. It is also said that more than half of the injuries from maltreatment occur in the head and face. Assuming the particular relevance of orofacial structures, the dentist must know how to observe and recognize the indicators and properly diagnose the injury by maltreatment. This scientific review aimed to understand what types of intraoral lesions, signs or external lesions of the head or neck can be associated with child maltreatment. One primary database was searched so that systematic review articles and meta-analysis, case reports or case series of intraoral lesions, signs or external lesions of the head or neck by child maltreatment could be acquired. The references in the works acquired by electronic search were manually
\r\nresearched and the authors of all possibly relevant papers were contacted. In all searches inclusion and exclusion criteria were applied. Of the twenty two papers included two were systematic reviews and twenty were case reports  or case series. The twenty articles of case reports or case series exposed information from thirty-five clinical cases included. Despite the limitations of scientific evidence it can be concluded that oral cavity, head and neck regions are home to multiple and diverse injuries by maltreatment of children and youngsters.

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Modern life is characterized by the concentration of large populations in a given area. With this comes an
increased need for new and reliable methods of forensic identification to identify victims of mass disasters.
Ameloglyphics (the study of enamel rod end patterns on a tooth surface) reveals that the enamel rod end pattern is unique for each tooth in an individual. It shows both intra- and inter individual variation. The use of these different patterns can also be extended to identification and possible correlation between the occurrence of several congenital defects and acquired diseases. Thus, this field demands a need for further exploration towards the use of tooth prints for establishing an individual's identity which can turn out to be an emerging aid in personal identification.

Y-chromosome lineage analysis is very useful for confirming a relationship between paternal relatives separated by various circumstances. In this study, we attempted to reconnect three paternal lineages who all share the same rare Ashkenazi Jewish surname Korenbaum or a derivative of that name. Even though some of the men tested from each of these three lineages were from different continents, they all shared an oral history of a male ancestor from the Bug River region in modern day Belarus and a strong reference to familial separation. Because the surname is exceedingly rare, it is believed that all Korenbaums are related. However, genealogical research has thus far been unable to connect several distant branches including a large branch living in Germany Today Korenbaums are spread around the world, with significant populations in the United States, Israel, France, Russia, Germany, England
and other countries. The Y-DNA analysis was performed using four Y-chromosome biallelic markers and twelve YSTR markers to determine the haplogroup and haplotype for the various Korenbaum descendants. It was determined that all three Korenbaum lineages possessed the same rare haplotype belonging to the Near East Yhaplogroup E1b1b1b2a. This analysis supports that these lineages share a common paternal ancestor. Two of these lineages were confirmed by genealogical records to have a common male ancestor born in the mid-19th century. While the third lineage could not be directly connected though genealogical records, the rareness of the surname, their shared oral history, the age of Ashkenazi surnames and records of the oldest Korenbaum ancestor point to a likely common ancestor born in the late 18th century in modern-day Belarus. We conclude that Ychromosome
analysis is a powerful tool in lineage confirmations of displaced peoples. However, its usefulness is
greatly diminished if not used in conjunction with other investigative tools. Further work on the Korenbaum family may prove useful for understanding Y-lineage evolution rates and dating.

Voice Authentication technique for rhetorical sample is usually a difficult task for automatic, semiautomatic and human primarily based strategies. The speech samples being compared could also be recorded in several situations; e.g., one sample may well be a yelling over the phone, whereas the opposite may well be a whisper in an interview space. A speaker may well be disguising his or her voice, ill, or underneath the influence of medication, alcohol, or stress in one or a lot of samples. The speech samples can presumably contain noise, could also be terribly short, and will not contain enough relevant speech material for comparative functions. Every of those variables, additionally to the proverbial variability of speech normally, make reliable discrimination of speakers a sophisticated and intimidating task.

This work is a discussion on a report of dental examination and exclusion made by a British dentist Francis Robertus Lloyd on 30th April 1861. The report entitled: ‘Dentistry as a mean of Identification’ was published in the ‘British Journal of Dental Science’ under the section ‘Miscellanea’ in 18631; Mr Lloyd was contacted by the Indian authorities in order to identify a skull and he may well be the first British dentist to officially report a dental examination in an academic journal. The aims of this discussion are to briefly analyze the difficulties of access to scientific techniques in that century and to provide Mr Lloyd recognition of his report in the history of Forensic Dentistry.

Cheiloscopy is a forensic investigation technique that deals with identification of humans based on lips traces. The aim of this study was to establish the uniqueness of lip prints and to look out for any new character which aids in personal identification. In the study, we followed the classification of patterns of the lines on the lips proposed by Jerzy Kasprzak in 1990. In the present study we collect the lip prints of 50 females of 18-25 years of age (having full dentition) were collected the lip prints were then studied for the pattern and characteristic features present at its quadrant for analyzing variations, and to determine the most common pattern in the study population. The statistical calculation after study estimated that Simple Bifurcation is more prominent in upper lip with 56% and Simple Bottom Bifurcation is prominent in lower lip with 68%. However calculation shows that A Line Like (I) feature is most common, when both upper and lower lips are taken into consideration with 44% presence. On extensive of lip prints samples,
a new character “A Bar” denoted as “x” in the script was found in both upper and lower lip with a  requency of 14% and 16% respectively. The present study is an attempt to propose a better method of personal identification based on lip prints for forensic investigation.