法医学研究ジャーナル

Lately, there have been endeavours to advance probabilistic announcing and the utilization of computational calculations across a few criminological science disciplines. Responses to these endeavours have been blended a few partners contend they advance more prominent logical thoroughness though others contend that the obscurity of algorithmic instruments makes it trying to genuinely examine the proof introduced against a litigant coming about because of these frameworks. Thus, the scientific local area has been left with no make way to explore these worries as each proposed approach has balancing advantages and dangers. To investigate these issues further and give an establishment to a way ahead, this study draws on semi-organized interviews with fifteen members to evoke the viewpoints of key law enforcement partners, including research facility supervisors, examiners, safeguard lawyers, judges, and other scholastic researchers, on issues connected with understanding and detailing rehearses and the utilization of computational calculations in scientific science inside the American overall set of laws.

In 2013, the Legal Science Undergrad Program (FSUP) at the Public Independent College of Mexico was made in light of a disturbing criminal circumstance in Mexico, as well with respect to the extreme change of its law enforcement framework. Its central goal is to teach and prepare moral, basic, and humanistic criminological researchers fit for leading requests that fulfill logical quality guidelines and help the equity framework in immovably connecting lawful decisions to the accessible proof. At that point, it was the primary such program in the nation, and the commitments that interdisciplinary scientific researchers could make to criminal examinations were generally obscure among measurable and lawful specialists. During its presence, giving an interdisciplinary, skill based instruction to understudies has been one of the principal challenges. To beat it, educating and evaluation draws near fixated on the accomplishment of explicitly legal capabilities as learning results and the incorporation of measurable disciplines towards the goal of recreated cases have been contrived to assist with fostering the expert range of abilities expected of graduates. The Coronavirus pandemic prompted adjusting these ways to deal with distance or half breed methods of getting the hang of, expanding their adaptability and enhancing the educational collection of the FSUP. Right now, the principal effect of the program lies in the fruitful consolidation of a portion of its alumni to organizations having a place with or connected with the law enforcement framework, for example, the Public Examiner's Office, the Bonus for Truth and Equity for the Ayotzinapa Case, and the Public Commission for the Hunt of Missing and Vanished People, among others.

The friction ridges and furrows on the pads of the fingers and thumbs produce distinctive patterns known as fingerprints. This friction ridge skin begins to grow in the womb between the ninth and the twenty-fourth weeks of embryonic development. Cuts, burns, and bruises may momentarily impair the quality of a fingerprint. A forensic investigator's top priority when making identification is to determine a person's gender. Effective methods for determining sex include fingerprint ridge density and amino acid profiling of sweat residues found in fingerprints. This article will look at some of the scientific methods used in gender identification through fingerprint analysis.

Forensic art is a technique of reconstruction using little or no evidence available to solve a certain case. Usually, it is carried out by reconstructing tissues on the skulls for the identification. Forensic art is basically divided into few categories including composite imagery, image modification/identification, demonstrative evidence and reconstruction/post mortem drawing which is then further divided into 2 dimensional and 3 dimensional. The forensic facial sketches include the forensic and composite sketches. The facial reconstruction basically involves five principles including ear location, mouth width, eyeball to orbit relation, nose tip shape, ear length. Initially Welcker facial reconstruction technique was used but later being taken over by 3D computerized facial reconstruction technology. The procedure involves technical phase of reconstruction, then followed by development of features of face of the individual finally the drawing from the skull is used for victim’s identification. 2D has advantages in identification of deceased skeletal remains as well. The 2D images are developed using CARES and FACES software. But a disadvantage includes the depth of the face cannot be determined in 2D. Whereas in 3D reconstruction manual method using clay, wax etc., is done where the depth can also be identified. 3D includes various methods including tissue depth method, anatomical method, British method (combination method), computerized 3D forensic facial reconstruction. But 3D method is only carried out after 2D method. For the checking of the accuracy of these methods face pool, resemblance ratings and morphometric comparison is usually done.

Nanotechnology acts as a powerful classical tool for the purpose of identification, individualization and evaluation of materials with evidentiary value. The novel properties introduced by the changes in physical and chemical properties of the material are utilized for the forensic purposes in the detection of latent fingerprints, drugs, explosive materials etc. Nanomaterials area also proved to enhance the PCR efficiency and thereby benefits the DNA analysis. The nano-based analytical equipments such as Atomic Force Microscopy (AFM), Transmission Electron Microscopy (TEM), Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM), Dynamic Light Scattering (DLS), Raman Micro spectroscopy and Time of Flight mass Spectroscopy (TOF-MS) are utilized for the visualization and the detection of evidences of trace amount. Among these, AFM possess wide range of applications in Forensic applications in a variety of fields such as determination of sequence of strokes, time since death, age of bloodstain etc and therefore focused in this paper, along with other nanoparticles applications.

In the mid 1980s, forensic DNA testing has been introduced It has played a very comprehensive role in providing service to the mankind via race finding, population determination, cast analysis, parental lineage, declaring punishment to the culprit and providing relief to the innocent. Remains of the victims of the mass disasters and of the missing people have been recombined for the identification purpose through linking them with the reference samples. The advancement of the new technologies have enhanced the capabilities of the laboratories working in recovering DNA results with more accuracy and improved sensitivity. Forensic laboratories have fully adopted automation for the sample preparation and for data analysis in order to provide efficient results. In forensic DNA analysis Short Tandem Repeat (STR) typing continues to be the most dependable and durable one although other genetic markers are also available and used for specific purposes.

In the mid 1980s, forensic DNA testing has been introduced It has played a very comprehensive role in providing service to the mankind via race finding, population determination, cast analysis, parental lineage, declaring punishment to the culprit and providing relief to the innocent. Remains of the victims of the mass disasters and of the missing people have been recombined for the identification purpose through linking them with the reference samples. The advancement of the new technologies have enhanced the capabilities of the laboratories working in recovering DNA results with more accuracy and improved sensitivity. Forensic laboratories have fully adopted automation for the sample preparation and for data analysis in order to provide efficient results. In forensic DNA analysis Short Tandem Repeat (STR) typing continues to be the most dependable and durable one although other genetic markers are also available and used for specific purposes.

In the mid 1980s, forensic DNA testing has been introduced It has played a very comprehensive role in providing service to the mankind via race finding, population determination, cast analysis, parental lineage, declaring punishment to the culprit and providing relief to the innocent. Remains of the victims of the mass disasters and of the missing people have been recombined for the identification purpose through linking them with the reference samples. The advancement of the new technologies have enhanced the capabilities of the laboratories working in recovering DNA results with more accuracy and improved sensitivity. Forensic laboratories have fully adopted automation for the sample preparation and for data analysis in order to provide efficient results. In forensic DNA analysis Short Tandem Repeat (STR) typing continues to be the most dependable and durable one although other genetic markers are also available and used for specific purposes.