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Nanomaterials are at the leading edge of the rapidly developing field of nanotechnology. Their unique size-dependent properties make these materials superior and indispensable in many areas of human activity. This brief review tries to summarise the most recent developments in the field of applied nanomaterials, in particular their application in biology and medicine, and discusses their commercialisation prospects.

To determine the frequency, predictors, and impact on outcome of epilepsy developing during the first year after subarachnoid haemorrhage. The authors prospectively analyzed 247 of 431 patients with SAH treated over a period of 5 years who were alive with follow-up at 12 months. Epilepsy was defined as two or more unprovoked seizures after hospital discharge. Epilepsy occurred in 7% of patients with SAH, was predicted by subdural hematoma and cerebral infarction, and was associated with poor functional recovery and quality of life. Our findings indicate that focal pathology, rather than diffuse injury from hemorrhage, is the principal cause of epilepsy after SAH.

People with epilepsy could also be classified into different syndromes supported specific clinical features. These features include the age at which seizures begin, the seizure types, and EEG findings, among others. Identifying an epilepsy syndrome is beneficial because it helps determine the underlying causes also as deciding what anti-seizure medication should be tried. Epilepsy syndromes are more commonly diagnosed in infants and youngsters. Some samples of epilepsy syndromes include benign rolandic epilepsy (2.8 per 100,000), childhood absence epilepsy (0.8 per 100,000) and juvenile myoclonic epilepsy (0.7 per 100,000). Severe syndromes with diffuse brain dysfunction caused, a minimum of partly, by some aspect of epilepsy, also are mentioned as epileptic encephalopathies. These are related to frequent seizures that are immune to treatment and severe cognitive dysfunction, as an example Lennox-Gastaut syndrome and West syndrome.

In addition, the district officer has asked the government through the ministry of health to find other solutions for the prevention and treatment of the epilepsy, so there is a need to determine the causes of the persistence of epilepsy in Mahenge. The Mahenge district is the leading area on the prevalence of epilepsy, and the rate keeps rising. It is estimated that the rate will reach 6.4 in three consecutive years (from 2014 to 2016). 200 participants were used as a sample for a cross-sectional study. Data were gathered by using questionnaires, many of which had open-ended questions. Data were gathered, descriptively examined, and associations were determined using cross tabulation and chi-square. Epilepsy has persisted largely due to societal attitudes around illness and a lack of knowledge regarding the best treatment methods to use. As a result, the members of the impacted community experience social discrimination, which includes school dropouts, are being denied opportunities for social engagement, particularly in decision-making, and a difficulty with unemployment.

A persistent propensity for epileptic seizures as well as the neurobiological, cognitive, psychological, and social effects of this illness define epilepsy as a chronic, polyetiological neuropsychiatric disorder. One of the most prevalent neuropsychiatric conditions, epilepsy affects roughly 65 million people globally. With age, the prevalence of epilepsy rises. Therefore, 25% of cases of this illness are initially discovered in people over 65. Epilepsy is significantly more common in a number of neuropsychiatric and physical illnesses, including traumatic brain injury, cerebrovascular disorders, and Alzheimer's disease.