物理数学

Photodynamics: How Massive Photons, Gravitons, Gluons, and Neutrinos Manage to Travel at the Speed of Light

Abstract

Robert J Martineau

In this paper we introduce Photodynamics and use it to resolve three outstanding problems in physics: in relativity, the motion of massive particles at the speed of light; in cosmology, how cooling CMB photons lose energy for 13.8 billion years without slowing down; in neutrino astrophysics, neutrino oscillation at light speed in response to the challenge posed by the 2015 Nobel Prize in Physics. These are all major unsolved problems in relativity, cosmology, and neutrino astrophysics, whose solutions have evaded our best efforts for decades. The common cause of these problems has been the erroneous application of Einstein's E = mc2 to particles that travel at the speed of light. We prove conclusively that E = mc2 applies only to particles that cannot travel at the speed of light, and in fact prevents them from attaining light speed. This reveals that an enormous problem has existed, over a century. Relativity, the foundation of modern physics, is woefully incomplete and inadequate. It does not contain a valid relativistic dynamics for the vast majority of particles in the Universe, the particles that travel at the speed of light. To resolve this problem we introduce Photodynamic, a previously unknown fundamental law of nature. Photodynamic is the only mechanism that allows particles to travel at the speed of light, and then, only if they have mass. This means that photons, gravitons, gluons, and neutrinos are all relativistic massive particles. So all theories describing the origin, characteristics, and interactions of fundamental particles as well as those of the origin, constitution, and evolution of the Universe, must be made compatible with photodynamics. Photodynamic is a change in relativity, a change in the very foundations of physics, and as such will impact all fields of physics involving particles that travel at the speed of light.