環境分析化学ジャーナル

Lead and Zinc Evaluation in Cows Feeding on Forage and Fodder Grown in Soil Contaminated with Waste Water in Sargodha, Pakistan

Abstract

Kafeel Ahmad, Zafar Iqbal Khan, Shamayem Aslam, Sahar Monsoor, Shahzad Akhtar, Aima Iram Batool, Hafsa Memona,Muhammad Arsalan Ashraf, Muhammad Nadeem, Asma Ashfaq and Hazoor Ahmad Shad

Three Tahsil; Jhanwarian, Sahiwal and Silanwaali of district Sargodha, Pakistan were selected for this project. Municipal waste water was used for irrigation to grow forages and fodder. The main target of this study comprises the assessment of Lead and Zinc in fodder and forage crops. Furthermore, the soil in which the forages are grown up was also appraised to acquire pollution load index. The concentration of Lead and Zinc was assessed in cows nurturing on the fodder being irrigated by wastewater. Concentrations of Lead and Zinc in fodder samples were found in the range from 9.50 mg kg^-1 to 14.14 mg kg^-1 and 16.49 mg kg^-1 and 8.60 mg kg^-1 respectively. The allowable limit level for Lead in plants is 3.0 ppm while the concentration of Lead in this study were found more than that limit (Allen, 1989). On the other hand, the concentration of Zinc was found within limit as prescribed by WHO; 50 mg/kg (2018). The concentration of Lead in wastewater was found in wide-ranging between 0.09-0.45 mg/L and zinc 3.41-5.83 mg/L. The levels of Lead in water were found to be higher than the WWF-recommended safe limit (0.10) (2007). Concentration of Lead and Zinc in soil varied between 10.11 mg kg^-1 to 13.85 mg kg^-1 and 27.76 mg kg-1 to 37.25 mg kg^-1 respectively. In the blood of cows, the mean concentrations of Lead were found to be 0.136-1.918 mg kg^-1 and concentration of Zinc was 0.136-1.918 mg kg^-1. Pollution load index value of Lead and Zinc ranged between 1.25 to 1.69 and 1.25-1.699 respectively. Bio concentration factor of Lead and Zinc were found to be in the range from 0.82 to 1.12 and 0.25 to 0.54 respectively. DIM of Lead and Zinc ranges between 0.01615-0.024 and 0.0145-0.028 respectively. (2.25-3.0) and (0.024-0.016) values were measured for enrichment factor of Lead and Health risk index separately. Enrichment factor and health risk index of Zinc ranges between (0.1100-0.1811) and (0.0465-0.0934) respectively.