Zhabiz Golkar, Lugenia Rochelle, Omar Bagasra
The CRISPR/Cas9 (Clustered Regions of Interspersed Palindromic Repeats-Cas9, consists of a DNA-nuclease and a piece of RNA that homes in on a DNA sequence, enabling investigators to create precisely targeted mutations, corrections to mutations, or other gene modulation. CRISPR/Cas9 is an ancient anti-viral immune system found in bacteria and archaea. The immediate assumption would be that it is a primitive innate immune system like a restriction enzyme defense system known since 1970 and is the backbone of the gene cloning methods Surprisingly, it is a sophisticated adaptive immune system very different from the somatic gene recombination, which is wellknown and is found in higher vertebrate animals as T and B lymphocytes. This amazing newly discovered CRISPR has emerged as a magnum opus of programmable nuclease technology for the precise editing of the genome in cells. This new genome editing tool is much more robust to customize and optimize because the site selection for DNA cleavage is guided by a short sequence of RNA. Even though this tool still has some imperfections and suffers from some off-target effects, the CRISPR/Cas9 system has been widely and successfully applied as a biotechnology in a number of areas. This technology is being considered to edit defective genes in human embryos and to create specific DNA fragment insertions for correcting numerous genetic diseases. The following section is a brief history and development of the CRISPR system and shows its potential future applications. We believe that the readers will benefit greatly from the information of this newly discovered prokaryotic adaptive immunity system, and we believe that in the very near future this technology will be widely used in clinics and research.
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